Breakthroughs of solid-state battery technology by mid-2025
September 2nd – EVE Energy, a leading lithium battery manufacturer, reached a milestone moment. Its Solid-State Battery Research Institute’s Chengdu Mass Production Base was officially inaugurated, and simultaneously, the “Longquan No. 2” all-solid-state battery successfully rolled off the production line. This not only marks a significant breakthrough for EVE Energy in the field of solid-state batteries but also signifies that leading companies are accelerating their technological layout and industrialization process in this sector.
Amid the rapid development of new energy technologies, solid-state batteries, as a highly potential next-generation battery technology, are garnering widespread global attention. With significant advantages such as high energy density, high safety, and long cycle life, they are seen as key to solving many pain points of traditional batteries and are expected to reshape the new energy industry landscape.
With 2025 more than half over, solid-state battery technology, whether in terms of material system innovation, energy density improvement, or production process optimization, has entered a critical stage of industrialization.
How to Solve the Profitability Challenge? Technological Breakthroughs Blooming in Multiple Areas
Since 2025, solid-state battery technology has achieved new breakthroughs, including innovation and upgrading of material systems, revolutionary production processes, energy density exceeding 500Wh/kg and moving towards even higher levels, among others.
In terms of material systems, numerous companies and research institutions are continuously exploring new cathode materials to enhance battery energy density and cycle performance.
For example, Farasis Energy is at the forefront of solid-state battery R&D. Its first-generation sulfide all-solid-state battery, scheduled for delivery in 2025, uses a combination of high-nickel NMC cathode and high-silicon anode, achieving an energy density of up to 400Wh/kg, meeting the demand for high energy density in high-end application scenarios. The second-generation product is planned for launch in 2026, with the cathode material upgraded to lithium-rich manganese-based / high-nickel cathode, paired with a lithium metal anode, aiming for an energy density breakthrough of 500Wh/kg. The third-generation sulfide all-solid-state battery, slated for 2027, will achieve an energy density leap to levels above 500Wh/kg.
The solid electrolyte, as one of the core materials of solid-state batteries, directly affects the overall performance of the battery.
In February 2025, Academician Ouyang Minggao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Professor at Tsinghua University pointed out the need to focus on the technical route using sulfide electrolyte as the main electrolyte, matched with high-nickel NMC cathode and silicon-carbon anode, targeting an energy density of 400Wh/kg and a cycle life of over 1000 times.
Many companies have also increased their R&D investment in sulfide electrolytes this year. Among them, CATL, rely on a sulfide + halide composite electrolyte system, successfully broke through the 500Wh/kg energy density barrier.
Ganfeng Lithium Group adopts a three-pronged strategy pursuing oxide, sulfide, and polymer routes simultaneously. Its third-generation all-solid-state battery has an energy density of 420Wh/kg, successfully passed a 200°C hot box test, and its sulfide electrolyte has achieved hundred-ton level mass production.
Gotion High-tech’s sulfide all-solid-state “Jinshi Battery” has reached an energy density of 360Wh/kg, successfully passed extreme safety tests at 200°C, plans to start vehicle validation in 2025, and has already received certification from Volkswagen’s MEB+ platform.
Additionally, BYD’s blade solid-state battery adopts a “Super LFP” system with a volumetric energy density of 600Wh/L (a 40% increase compared to traditional ones), and its cell-level energy density is 400Wh/kg.
The “Longquan No. 2” 10Ah all-solid-state battery下线 (rolled off the line) by EVE Energy has an energy density of up to 300Wh/kg and a volumetric energy density of 700Wh/L, primarily targeting high-end equipment application fields such as humanoid robots, low-altitude aircraft, and AI. Simultaneously, EVE Energy is also committed to achieving the key indicators of 400Wh/kg and 1000Wh/L for solid-state batteries by 2025.
In terms of production processes, Gotion High-tech’s developed “in-situ solidification” process effectively addresses the challenge of high interfacial impedance in solid-state batteries, reducing it to below 10Ω·cm, greatly enhancing the battery’s charge-discharge performance and cycle life, and laying a process foundation for the large-scale production of solid-state batteries.
The application of this innovative process has significantly improved the performance stability and consistency of solid-state batteries, helping to push them from the laboratory towards industrial production.
Furthermore, equipment manufacturers are also actively investing in R&D to meet the special requirements of solid-state battery production processes. For instance, Hirain Technologies, as the world’s largest provider of lithium battery intelligent equipment, has established the entire process chain for all-solid-state battery mass production. Its equipment has been successively delivered to leading domestic and international battery companies,well-known automakers, and emerging battery customers. The delivery and application of this equipment promote the automation, intelligence, and scaling of solid-state battery production, improving efficiency and product quality.
Industrialization Layout Accelerates
As the technology gradually matures, the industrialization process of solid-state batteries is also clearly accelerating. Numerous companies have announced clear mass production timelines, increased investment in building new production bases, and continuously expanded planned capacity.
Since 2025, over 10 listed Chinese automakers, battery companies, and equipment suppliers have disclosed development progress or mass production timelines for solid-state batteries. Several power battery suppliers, including Gotion High-tech, SVolt Energy Technology, Farasis Energy, and Sunwoda, have announced solid-state/semi-solid-state battery technologies around 300Wh/kg and have set 2027 as the critical time node for mass production of solid-state batteries.
Additionally, 8 battery companies in the solid-state battery industry have established pilot lines, generally at a scale of around 0.3GWh, involving leading companies like CATL, BYD, Gotion High-tech, and CALB.
In terms of capacity expansion, in the first half of 2025, the scale and investment amount of newly added capacity for solid-state and semi-solid-state batteries surpassed that for flow battery energy storage.
Among them, Anwan New Energy’s global first GWh-level solid-state battery production line has produced its first engineering samples. The initial target is an annual production of 1.25GWh, with a planned global capacity layout of 60-100GWh.
Ganfeng Lithium Group’s 10GWh solid-state battery base in Chongqing has been officially put into production, supplying Dongfeng’s Voyah brand and the low-altitude economy sector (drones / eVTOLs).
Qingtao Energy plans to have a planned capacity exceeding 10GWh by 2025. Its semi-solid-state battery has an energy density of 360Wh/kg and is equipped in the IM L6 supporting quasi-900V ultra-fast charging.
Gotion High-tech has made important breakthroughs in the all-solid-state battery field with its “Jinshi Battery”. Its first 0.2GWh all-solid-state pilot line was successfully completed with a yield rate of 90%, accumulating valuable experience for the design of a 2GWh production line scheduled to start in 2027.
EVE Energy’s Solid-State Battery Research Institute Chengdu Mass Production Base was inaugurated. The base has a total area of approximately 11,000 square meters and will have an annual capacity of nearly 500,000 cells after full production. The base is constructed in two phases: Phase I will be completed in December 2025, possessing 60Ah battery manufacturing capability; Phase II plans to achieve 100MWh annual capacity delivery by December 2026.
Farasis Energy expects to achieve the operation of its all-solid-state battery pilot line and small-batch delivery of 60Ah sulfide all-solid-state batteries by the end of 2025. It will promote small-batch mass production and vehicle installation during 2026-2027, supporting the construction of GWh-level production lines, with large-scale mass production targeted for 2030.
Market Applications Gradually Expand
In 2025, solid-state battery technology applications show a trend of taking the lead in vehicle installation in the new energy vehicle field, while emerging applications begin to emerge.
Currently, semi-solid-state batteries have already been installed in vehicles. The Nio ET7, equipped with WeLion New Energy’s 360Wh/kg semi-solid-state battery, achieves a range of 1000 km. The IM L6 Max Lightyear version uses Qingtao Energy’s oxide-based semi-solid-state battery. SAIC Motor’s new generation semi-solid-state battery will be mass-produced and applied in the all-new MG4 by the end of 2025.
In August this year, the MG MG4 was launched equipped with a semi-solid-state battery, and its pricing is at the 100,000 yuan level, marking the entry of semi-solid-state batteries into the mainstream price range.
Furthermore, several automakers have also clarified timetables for launching electric vehicles equipped with all-solid-state batteries.
For example, BYD’s solid-state battery has been officially installed in vehicles and entered the testing phase. The first model to be equipped is the BYD Seal EV, with an official theoretical CLTC range of 1875 km and a practical mixed city/highway range exceeding 1300 km. Plans are for small-batch installation after testing completes in 2027, with large-batch installation starting in 2028.
Changan Automobile released its Jinzhongzhao solid-state battery with an energy density of 400Wh/kg and a range of 1500 km, with the first prototype vehicle scheduled for the end of 2025. SAIC Motor’s new generation solid-state battery will be mass-applied in the all-new MG4 by the end of this year. GAC Group has initially established the full-process manufacturing technology for solid-state batteries and plans to equip Hyper models in 2026.
Beyond the new energy vehicle field, solid-state batteries also show broad application prospects in energy storage, humanoid robots, low-altitude aircraft, and other areas.
Narada Power Source signed the world’s largest semi-solid-state energy storage order, using its self-developed 314 Ah LFP semi-solid-state battery. This indicates that the application of solid-state batteries in the energy storage field has begun to materialize. In the future, as the technology matures and costs decrease, they are expected to occupy a place in the energy storage market.
EVE Energy’s off-line “Longquan No. 2” all-solid-state battery, with an energy density of 300Wh/kg and a volumetric energy density of 700Wh/L, is mainly oriented towards high-end equipment application fields such as humanoid robots, low-altitude aircraft, and AI.
With the development of AI and robotics technology, humanoid robots place higher demands on battery energy density, safety, and stability. The advantages of solid-state batteries precisely meet these needs and are expected to be widely used in the humanoid robot field.
In the low-altitude aircraft field, such as drones and electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOLs), the high energy density of solid-state batteries can effectively increase the range and payload capacity of these aircraft, and market demand is expected to grow gradually.
Opportunities and Challenges Coexist
Although mass production of solid-state batteries has made some progress, it still faces many challenges.
At the technical level, the “solid-solid interface problem” is the most core technical bottleneck in current all-solid-state battery R&D.
There are issues with the physical and chemical contact between the solid electrolyte and electrode materials. Physically, both the solid electrolyte and electrodes are dry solid materials, unable to permeate electrode pores like liquid electrolyte to form intimate contact, leading to insufficient interfacial contact area, obstructed lithium-ion transport paths, and significantly increased interface resistance. Volume expansion of electrode materials during charge/discharge can also cause cracks, leading to interface separation.
In terms of chemical stability, side reactions may occur between the solid electrolyte and electrodes, causing electrochemical corrosion of high-voltage cathode materials, and there is also a risk of lithium dendrite penetration.
Additionally, there are challenges of interface compatibility between different electrolyte material routes. For instance, sulfides have the highest ionic conductivity but generate highly toxic hydrogen sulfide upon contact with moisture, requiring completely dry environments for production. Oxides have strong chemical stability and high hardness, leading to poor contact surfaces, requiring nano-level powder processing for mass production. Polymers are flexible and easy to process but have low room temperature conductivity, requiring heating above 60 degrees Celsius to function.
The problem of irreversible phase transition and particle fracturing in electrode materials can also lead to battery capacity decay and shortened cycle life. The air stability of solid electrolytes is poor,easily reacting with moisture and oxygen in the air, affecting battery performance and safety. Although silicon-based materials have a high theoretical specific capacity, they undergo significant volume expansion during charge/discharge, causing electrode structure damage and reducing cycle performance.
Cost is also a key factor restricting the large-scale mass production of solid-state batteries. The production process for solid-state batteries is more complex, with higher requirements for equipment and materials, leading to high production costs.
Currently, the cost of solid-state batteries is significantly higher than that of traditional lithium batteries, putting them at a disadvantage in market competition, especially in large-scale application areas sensitive to cost, such as new energy vehicles and the energy storage market.
With the rapid development of the solid-state battery industry, the formulation of industry standards becomes particularly important. Currently, industry standards for solid-state batteries are not yet perfect. Products from different companies differ in performance, safety, specifications, etc., which brings difficulties to market supervision and consumer choice.
However, with strong policy support and the joint efforts of the industry, the prospects for mass production of solid-state batteries remain broad. Policy support has formed a three-dimensional system of “central policy direction coupled with local pilot initiatives”. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has proposed support for the development of lithium and sodium batteries towards solid-state, aiming to cultivate 3-5 global leading enterprises by 2027.
Local governments have also introduced a series of preferential policies, such as financial subsidies, tax incentives, and land supply, to encourage companies to increase R&D investment and capacity construction.
In 2025, the solid-state battery industry stands at a critical juncture of development. As technology continues to mature and production scales up, solid-state batteries are expected to gradually replace traditional batteries in fields like new energy vehicles and energy storage, becoming the mainstream choice. This will propel global energy transformation and green development to new heights, providing powerful technical support for achieving sustainable development goals.